In the search for new alternatives for the control of Aedes aegypti the larvicidal activity of Eucalyptus grandis essential oil and pine resin essential oil (turpentine) and their major components (α- and β-pinene and 1,8-cineole) was determined. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of E. grandis essential oil revealed that its major components are α-pinene and 1,8-cineole. Similar analysis of turpentine obtained by distillation of the resin pitch of conifers showed that α- and β-pinene are the only major components. Third and early 4th instars of the CIPEIN-susceptible strain of Ae. aegypti were exposed to acetonic solutions of E. grandis essential oil, turpentine, and their major components for 24 h. Turpentine, with an LC₅₀ of 14.7 ppm, was more active than the essential oil of E. grandis (LC₅₀: 32.4 ppm). Larvicidal activity of the essential oil components showed that α- and β-pinene present low LC₅₀ values (15.4 and 12.1 ppm, respectively), whereas pure 1,8-cineole showed an LC₅₀ of 57.2 ppm. These results suggest that α-pinene in E. grandis and α- and β-pinene in turpentine serve as the principal larvicidal components of both oils. Results obtained on larvicidal effects of essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis and turpentine could be considered a contribution to the search for new biodegradable larvicides of natural origin.